Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) is a condition that results in cold-like symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, congestion, itchy eyes, and sinus pressure. However, hay fever is not brought on by a virus as with a cold. Instead, it occurs when the body has an allergic reaction to harmless substances—referred to as allergens—that it mistakenly identifies as harmful.
Common allergens responsible for hay fever symptoms are pollen, dust mites, and pet dander (small flakes of skin that are shed by dogs, cats, or other animals with fur or feathers).
In addition to causing discomfort, hay fever can negatively impact your productivity at work or school and generally disrupt daily life. The good news is that you don’t have to suffer from these bothersome symptoms. By learning to keep off triggers and finding the right treatment, you can manage hay fever effectively.
Common signs and symptoms of hay fever are:
Hay fever symptoms may be present all year or could become more noticeable during specific times of the year (seasonal allergies).
Common hay fever triggers are:
Hay fever occurs when the immune system mistakenly categorizes a harmless airborne substance, known as an allergen, as a threat. In response, the body releases immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to defend against the allergen. If the body reencounters the allergen, these antibodies trigger the immune system to produce chemicals like histamine into the bloodstream, leading to hay fever symptoms.
The likelihood of developing hay fever is higher if you:
Hay fever can lead to various complications, including:
Hay fever diagnosis usually involves conducting a physical examination and discussing your symptoms, general health, and potential triggers. Depending on the situation, one or both of the following tests may be done:
Once your allergy triggers are identified, your GP can help create a treatment plan to manage or eliminate hay fever symptoms. Treatment often includes avoiding triggers, using over-the-counter medications for mild symptoms, or prescription treatments for more severe cases. Finding the right combination of treatments may take time and experimentation.
If your child has hay fever, consult their pediatrician, as not all medications are safe. Also, it’s important to always read labels cautiously.
These drugs are effective for preventing and treating nasal congestion, itchiness, and runny nose associated with hay fever. These sprays are often the first choice for treatment for most people.
For the majority of people, nasal corticosteroids are safe for long-term use. However, it can cause side effects like nose irritation and unpleasant smells or tastes. It is uncommon for a nasal spray to cause negative effects from steroids.
These treatments obstruct histamine, the chemical responsible for allergic reactions. As a result, they help relieve sneezing, itchiness, and runny nose but are less effective for congestion.
Side effects of antihistamines may include dry eyes, nose and mouth, and drowsiness. Oral antihistamines can cause restlessness, appetite changes, difficulty sleeping, headaches and urination, and blood pressure problems. Consult a doctor before use if pregnant, breastfeeding, or if you have an enlarged prostate or glaucoma.
These help relieve nasal swelling and congestion. Decongestants are sometimes used in combination with other medicines since they are ineffective in relieving other hay fever symptoms.
Decongestants can be given in the form of tablets, liquids, or nasal sprays and are available with prescription or over-the-counter.
Side effects that can result from oral decongestants are insomnia, headache, increased blood pressure, irritability, and urination problems for those with an enlarged prostate. It’s also essential to consult your GP before using decongestants if you are pregnant or have heart disease or high blood pressure.
Avoid using nasal sprays for over 2-3 days to prevent rebound congestion (the aggravation of the symptoms due to continuous use).
By inhibiting the production of histamine, cromolyn sodium helps alleviate the symptoms of hay fever. The best results from this medication come from taking it before you experience any symptoms. A non-prescription nasal spray called Cromolyn is available for use multiple times during the day. With a prescription, it can also be purchased as eye drops.
Cromolyn has no significant adverse effects.
Montelukast (Singulair) prescription tablet blocks leukotrienes, chemicals causing nasal irritation and mucus production. It is effective for allergy-induced asthma and recommended for mild asthma or when nasal sprays are intolerable.
Side effects include headaches. Rarely, it may also cause psychological reactions like anxiety, suicidal thoughts, depression, or insomnia. Seek medical care immediately if you develop such unusual responses.
Ipratropium, which is available as a prescription nasal spray, works to reduce excessive mucus production by the nose’s glands. However, it doesn’t work well for sneezing, congestion, or itching.
Nosebleeds, dry nose, sore throat, and dry and itchy eyes are some mild side effects. In rare cases, the medication may result in more serious side effects like dizziness, blurred vision, and difficulty urinating. If you have an enlarged prostate or glaucoma, this medication is not advisable.
Prednisone and other corticosteroid medications are occasionally used to treat severe allergy symptoms. Corticosteroids are typically prescribed for short periods because prolonged use can result in major side effects like osteoporosis, cataracts, and muscular weakness.
It’s impossible to prevent hay fever completely. However, if you have it, the most effective strategy is to reduce exposure to the allergens that trigger your symptoms. Follow your doctor’s advice and take allergy medications before coming into contact with allergens.
Symptoms associated with hay fever can disrupt your quality of life and prevent you from enjoying your favorite activities. However, effective treatments are within reach. Many adults and children successfully manage hay fever through medications and lifestyle adjustments. Consult your healthcare provider to explore ways to ease your symptoms, improve your breathing, and enhance your overall well-being.
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