Anaphylaxis is a serious and potentially deadly allergic reaction that occurs rapidly—often in a matter of seconds or minutes—after being exposed to an allergen. Common allergens are peanuts and bee stings. During anaphylaxis, the immune system produces a flood of chemicals that can send the body into shock. This results in a sudden drop in blood pressure and a narrowing of the airways, making it difficult to breathe. Symptoms may include a weak, rapid pulse, skin rash, nausea, and vomiting.
Common triggers include certain foods, medications, insect stings and latex. Immediate treatment with an epinephrine injection is essential, followed by a visit to the emergency room. If epinephrine is not available, seeking emergency medical attention is critical because untreated anaphylaxis can be fatal.
Signs and Symptoms
Anaphylaxis symptoms usually develop within minutes of allergen exposure, though in some cases, they may take 30 minutes or longer to appear. Rarely, symptoms can be delayed by several hours. The following are common signs:
Causes
Anaphylaxis results from a severe allergic reaction, which occurs when the immune system mistakenly identifies a harmless substance as dangerous. To combat the perceived threat, the immune system releases a surge of chemicals that lead to allergic reaction symptoms. While most allergic reactions are mild, a severe reaction can escalate to life-threatening anaphylaxis.
Common triggers
In children:
Food allergies are the leading cause, with triggers including peanuts, tree nuts, milk, fish, shellfish, sesame, wheat and soy.
In adults:
Common causes include insect stings (from bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets or fire ants), latex, and certain medications, such as aspirin, antibiotics, and other over-the-counter pain relievers. Intravenous (IV) contrast used in imaging tests can also be a trigger.
Exercise-induced anaphylaxis
Rarely, anaphylaxis may occur during physical activity like jogging or walking. This can be associated with eating specific foods before exercising, or working out in extreme weather conditions (cold, hot or humid). If you suspect exercise-induced anaphylaxis, consult your healthcare provider for guidance.
Unknown triggers
Sometimes, the cause of anaphylaxis cannot be identified, a condition known as idiopathic anaphylaxis. Allergy tests may help determine the underlying trigger when the cause is unclear.
It’s important to note that even mild allergic reactions in the past can develop into severe anaphylaxis with subsequent exposures. Therefore, identifying and managing triggers is essential for prevention.
Risk Factors
The following are some of the factors that can raise the likelihood of anaphylaxis:
Complications
Anaphylaxis is a deadly condition that can cause severe complications such as the inability to breathe or the cessation of the heartbeat.
Diagnosing Anaphylaxis
In order to diagnose anaphylaxis, your healthcare provider will review your medical history and inquire about any previous allergic reactions. Questions may focus on whether you’ve experienced reactions to specific foods, latex, medications or insect stings.
To confirm anaphylaxis, your provider may recommend the following:
Since the symptoms of anaphylaxis can mimic those of other conditions, your physician may also perform additional tests to rule out.
Treatment
In the event of an anaphylactic reaction, prompt medical intervention is necessary.
Emergency Steps
If someone shows signs of anaphylaxis, such as shock (pale, clammy skin; weak, fast pulse; difficulty breathing; confusion; or unconsciousness), follow these steps straightaway:
Epinephrine Auto-injector
Persons at a high risk of anaphylaxis should always have an auto-injector with them. This device delivers a single dose of epinephrine when pressed against the thigh.
Key tips:
Long-Term Management
While there’s no cure for the immune system dysfunction that causes anaphylaxis, these steps can help manage the condition and reduce the risk of future attacks.
Prevention
Avoiding allergies that cause severe responses is the only approach to prevent anaphylaxis. Other precautions include:
For insect allergies:
For food allergies:
Being prepared
Despite precautions, accidental exposure to allergens can still occur. You can thus respond effectively by recognizing signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis in such cases. It is also important to have a plan to address symptoms fast.
Conclusion
Knowing that everyday food can trigger a severe allergic reaction can be frightening, but there are steps you can take to reduce the risk. If you experience symptoms of anaphylaxis, use your epinephrine auto-injector immediately, and then call 911 or head to the nearest emergency room. Quick treatment is crucial and can prevent fatality.
Always carry your auto-injector with you and do your best to avoid known triggers. If managing your allergy symptoms feels overwhelming or if you suspect you’ve experienced anaphylactic shock, consult your GP for guidance.
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